Towards safe and effective femtosecond laser cleaning for the preservation of historic monuments

Abstract We explore femtosecond laser cleaning of materials used in the construction historic monuments, such as stone and steel covered typical contaminants caused by harsh environments that may be found urban areas. address these from a conservation perspective, taking examples preservation iconic structures granite Sydney Harbour Bridge, Hawkesbury sandstone, popular building material variety monuments (Australia), Makrana marble taken Soami Bagh Samadh temple Agra India, also graffiti removal. demonstrate pulses can clean range different biofilm, environmental soiling, rust, spray paints, while preserving integrity underlying substrates. Femtosecond is fast effective method safer alternative to lasers with longer pulse durations for monuments.